Based on the Electronic Guidebook study in 2002 with Explainers that demonstrated their fluency in using handheld technologies, additional  studies were done that focused on Explainers as the main audience for handheld devices. Several prototype user interfaces were developed and evaluated by Explainers in 2004–2005. This included a six-month-long ethnography of their work practices, observations of handheld use, and interviews with Explainers. Overall, Explainers liked applications that supported peer-to-peer conversations rather than applications that used the handheld device for exhibit content delivery.